used displacement sensors to measure both axial and lateral displacements, and then obtained the true stress-true strain curves of X65, X80, and other pipeline steels. In a safety analysis of pipeline steel, Xin et al. The specimens adopted in the special strain gauge method are mainly straight rectangular cross-section specimens. There are many methods for testing and calculating the true stress and true strain, which are divided into three types: the special strain gauge method, the numerical finite element method, and the DIC-based method.
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